Sony Corporation Innovation All The Way Business Essay

Sony pile Innovation All The Way air EssayThe give come to the fore is an evaluation of the administration coordinate apply by Sir Howard Stringer in October 2005. The transition of Sonys geological formation social system from Transnational structural to multi variational anatomical building has been analyzed in detail.Goold and Campbells v tests have been conducted to narrow down pat(p) the appropriateness of Sir Howard Stringers structural choice given his desire to give rise Sony a to a greater extent(prenominal) in advance(p) and limber giving medication. The risks and benefits of the structural choice has too been assessed.The belowwrite displays the cultural sack of Sony in the beginning and after Sir Howards arrival. It was derived that the Reconstruction type of st postgic smorgasbord had been use to drive about the transformation in the organizations culture. Consequently, Sir Howard adopted the Education and communicating and the Collaboration/ Participation meanss of st considergic wobble implementation.In conclusion, it jakes be seen that the stock sh are value has increased during 2005-2007 which means that Howard Stringer was doing a unsloped job at implementing his permute.Ac noesismentWe convey Heriot-Watt for giving us the luck to conjure up our learning in Strategic Project Management by means of this convention assignment.We would a uniform to give a hearty thank to our Professors at Heriot Watt, namely Dr. M. A. Salama and Dr. Michael Clarke for their time and guidance for completing this assignment.We would like to thank the university librarian Ramakant for his cooperation in providing us the appropriate books and journals for bushelence.We would too like to thank our families and friends for their support through out the completion of this assignment. We could non have through with(p) this without them. PM Stars IncorporatedIntroductionAs a part of this report let us start by introducing Sony Cor poration.SONYSony is one of the leading manufacturers of electronics, word picture, communications, video game consoles, and every(prenominal)egeation technology inter instalments for the consumer and professional markets.Sony was founded on 7th whitethorn 1946. The representative corporate exe scale downive officers at Sony as of immediately as Howard Stringer(Chairman, chief executive officer and prexy), Ryoji Chubachi (Vice Chairman) and Nobuyuki Oneda (Executive Deputy chairwoman and CFO). (Sony spherical (2009) has provided the higher up information).Sony Corporation (commonly referred to as Sony) is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan, and one of the beingnesss largest media conglomerates with tax revenue exceeding 7.730.0 trillion, or $78.88 billion U.S. (FY2008). Its name is derived from sonus, the Latin word for sound.Sony Corporation is the electronics pipeline unit of mea originalment and the parent connection of th e Sony gathering, which is engaged in channel through its five operating segments-electronics, games, entertainment (motion pictures and music), financial services and early(a)wise.Sonys superstar telephone circuit operations include Sony Corporation (Sony Electronics in the U.S.), Sony Pictures diversion, Sony Computer Entertainment, Sony medicinal drug Entertainment, Sony Ericsson, and Sony Financial. As a semiconductor make upr, Sony is among the Worldwide Top 20 semiconductor unit Sales Leaders. The come withs slogan is make.believe. (Wikipedia (2009) provided information regarding Sony Corporation).Company StrategyVision (2005) make Sony cool it againVision (2009) make.believeWhen Howard Stringer joined as the chief operating officer of Sony Global Japan he do new strategies and used those strategies to restructure the organization to be in-line with these strategies.Firstly, he ported at the bone marrow competencies of the gild and focused in the main on the el ectronics, games and entertainment sector. He established a growth dodge saying, Our tar compensate is for the Sony Group to achieve consolidated sales of all all over 8 trillion yen and an operating profit margin of 5% (electronics 4%) by the end of fiscal year 2007. novelsBlaze (2005) published the company scheme from the fiscal year 2005 to 2008 as given in Appendix C of this report.The three-year revitalization plan/strategy was as follows (in brief)Restructuring the Electronics musical arrangementEliminated the corporate silos and charter more focus on competitive growth.Improving Sonys Profit anatomical structureCost ReductionsSale of Real Estate, Stock and Non-Core AssetsStrengthening Sonys Current Electronics agate lineFocus on areas of the Electronics business by bringing profitability in television by the second half of 2006.Focusing Resources on maturation StrategyMaking the HD World and Major Profit Pillar accounting entry of a float of high-definition products in 2006.Focusing on Intelligent practical ProductsDeveloping network-en up to(p)d products and applicationsStrengthening Technology informationCreation of Home and spry PlatformsConcentrating Investment on Semiconductors and Key Component DevicesNext-Generation Display (OLED)Enhancing Software DevelopmentGroup Convergence StrategyPursuit of mobile entertainment judicature of Cell Development CenterGroup Strategy by single(a) Sector focus onGamesEntertainmentMotion Pictures medicament industrious PhonesFinancial ServicesNetwork Services, RetailRetail Business smell Refer to Appendix C for a detailed Company Strategy.organisational social systemCorporate social organization of Sony CorporationFrom the analysis on the organizational structure that Howard Stringer was trying to implement in 2005 we can see that it was clear a multi- memberal structure. This structure has been further worked on since 2005 and on that point have been tenuous swops to the same.Multi-Division al structure (M-form)The multi- socio-economic classal structure is alike kn ingest as the product structure where the divisional structure groups organizational function into a division. to each one division works as an independent section within the company and the divisional structure contains all the necessary resources and functions within it. Each Division get out have its own sales, engineering and marketing departments. (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2009).The organizational structure in 2005 that Howard Stringer was trying to implement is a hybrid structure which is as follows (Please refer to Appendix A for the assignment of for distributively one individual in the division)Figure 1 Sony Organizational chart (as of Oct 2005)(Source Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 2008)Please refer to Appendix B for the new Organization Structure as of initiative July.From the organizational structure preceding(prenominal) it can be seen that Howard Stringer was attempting to implement the multi-divisional structure. He had assigned Ryoji Chubachi to handle the main Electronics business and Chubachi had implemented the multinational intercellular substance structure. We open not go into details of the matrix structure exactly will explain it below in brief.In case of the international Structure of the organization we can see that there were a fewer business units that were put together in order to increase their responsiveness in the market. in that regard were five committees created crosswise all these business units and business groups. This gave a better integration of knowledge, flexibility and the ability to analyze these units across its procurement, technology, product strategy, sales and productive business outcomes.Strategy and Organizational StructureWhen Howard Stringer took over the Sony Global Corporation in 2005 he gave strategies for each product in the company. The strategies are stated above in the Introduction section of this report.As per the strategies implemented we can see clearly that he had devised assorted strategies for each magnetic core product that Sony was providing and so he also dual-lane the companys organizational structure the same way. Thus, we see that the company is become more flat and each division is reporting to the Headquarters.As in a multidivisional organization much(prenominal) as Sony, the divisions become flexible as in the sense that they are able to merge, add or make salutary divisions. This is plain in the fact that Sonys Mobile division merged with Ericsson to produce Sony Ericsson range of mobiles.It can also be seen that Sonys medication Entertainment division had a 50-50 joint dissemble with Bertelsmann capital of New Hampshire Group naming Sonys Music division as Sony BMG Music Entertainment and in August 2008 Sony bought Bertelsmanns 50% shares and Sony renamed its Music division as Sony Music Entertainment.Ergo, it is apparent that because of Sonys mult idivisional structure each division is able to work as its own company which is flexible becoming to have joint- surmise projects as in the case of Sony Ericsson and the company is also able to make the decision of buying over another company such as the Bertelsmann Music group.When Howard Stringer took over Sony he also closed rarify a chain of restaurants and other non-core business companies that Sony owned.With a multidivisional structure in place Sir Howard Stringer was able to go out and oversee each division from a distance by monitoring the business performance of each division.If we look at the advantages of a multi-divisional structure we can see that because the structure is split by product lines it allows each division to grow and specialize on their competences.We can see that each division has actually become its own company like the Sony Electronics Inc., the Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc., and Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. As we will see in the redundancy t est later in this report we can see that each of the companies that are ground in each country have their own head offices. This means that there are many parent aims in this organization which means that many of the documentation departments such as HR and IT will be redundant provided overdue to the large organization structure of the company Sony desires these home to be set-up. Although the knowledge manduction and cooperation among the business units become precise limited provided Howard Stringer has tried overcoming this by placing five strategic committees across the business units which are the product, technology, production, procurement and sales. Thus standardizations and centralization has dish outed to reduce driving force and poor coordination.Also, with Howard traveling around Sonys operations at a rate of 30,000 air miles a month (Nakamoto 2006) is building spirits and reflecting in the look of the employees all around Sony.Goold and Campbell running playsWe will use the Goold and Campbell last 5 tests to determine the appropriateness of Howard Stringers structural choice given his desire to make Sony cool again (Clayton 2005).The Specialist destinations TestThe Organization Structure Specialist finis testFigure 2 The Specialist Culture testIn the Specialist Culture test we placed Sony between wide-cut and precise Good as Sony has an Engineer-driven culture (Edwards, Lowry, Ihlwan, Hall 2005). Sony is an engineering culture (Paczkowski 2008) says Howard Stringer and they genuinely take care of their engineers. Engineers have the freedom to think and come up with new designs. When a certain project was untaken engineers from all the different departments met in one place to finish that task. This shows that there is no organizational defilement of the specialist engineer culture test.The elusive Links TestThe Organization Structure Difficult Links TestFigure 3 The Difficult Links TestShared know-how LinksSony holds Knowle dge-sharing sessions and several other activities company wide. They host forums to enable interactive discussion about the company intelligence service and they engage their employees in company developments and in-the-Know at all times as claimed by them on their website.Sony also provides all documents, policies, lessoned learned and all other types of documents on their intranet sites.Shared Tangible Resources LinksThough with a multidivisional organization with so many parent companies the amount of duplication of work increases but after Sir Howard Stringer came into Sony he divided all core businesses by products into divorce units that would report to the Corporate office and setup a corporate RD unit to reduce the duplications and also brought in govern engineered products to help the reduction of salute.Pooled Negotiating top executive LinksSonys Mobile division merged with Ericsson to produce Sony Ericsson range of mobiles. Ericsson had the a la mode(p) mobile techno logy and Sony had the vast experience in consumer electronics and entertainment like music, pictures and games. Bringing them both together in a 50-50 joint venture gave Sony exponentfulness in the market. This would help both the companies generate economies of scale.It can also be seen that Sonys Music Entertainment division had a 50-50 joint venture with Bertelsmann Music Group naming Sonys Music division as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. Financial analysts covering the merger anticipated that up to 2,000 jobs would be cut as a result, saving Sony BMG approximately $350 million annually (Wikipedia, 2009) organise Strategies LinksAfter Sir Howard took over he put together the Electronics social unit which consisted ofThe Semiconductor Business unitCore component Business wholeBP Business GroupAudio Business GroupDigital imaging Business groupVAIO Business GroupVideo Business GroupTV Business GroupConnect CompanyHe strategically placed all these units and groups together in orde r to establish Sony as a leading player. They pauperizationed to develop a semiconductor and core components group thus they put these two relevant new business units under the Electronics Unit.With this new engineering structure Sony cherished to increase their internally sourced components, centralize their engineering functions and reduce their cost by consolidating and cutting down their manufacturing sites.Vertical Integration LinksBy coordinating the scarper of its internally sources components and by standardizing designs through out the company Sir Howard has managed to reduce cost and enhance product development.New-Business Creation LinksVertical integration is truly patent in the Sony business as they try to enter the digital world they are buying companies and doing joint ventures to meet the specific needs of their customers and that is to bring the mobile, music, gaming and video entertainment together. Sony is in a practised vex to do a backward or forward inte gration in case it decides to do so. The structure is flexible enough to accommodate that.The tie in are dress hat handled through self-managed networking among units n top management should leave this up to the unit rather than impose to-down coordination process.The Redundant Hierarchy TestThe Organization Structure The Redundant Hierarchy TestFigure 4 The redundant Hierarchy TestThe suit we have placed them between satisfactory and ingenuous is because although the company had many parent levels in the organization they were able to reduce the redundancy through standardizing they internal sourced components. Sony also standardized its designs across the different units and in its core business which was the Electronics Business they had five committees across each group which were the product, technology, production, procurement and sales. This centralization has helped to reduce move and poor coordination.Also, with Howard traveling around Sonys operations at a rate of 30 ,000 air miles a month (Nakamoto 2006) he tends to increase the communication spreading between the different groups and companies at Sony.The Accountability TestThe Organization Structure The Accountability TestFigure 5 The Accountability TestThe reason we have placed them between good and very good is because in the multidivisional structure the overall structure of the company is flat. Thus, most of the units are like a shot reporting to the corporate office. This increases the business and accountability of each unit heads.The flexibleness TestThe Organization Structure The Flexibility TestFigure 6 The Flexibility TestThe reason we have placed them between good in the case of its flexibility is because Sonys structure after Sir Howard Stringer had do it flexible for the company like the Sony Mobile business unit to merge with Ericsson Sonys Music Entertainment division had a 50-50 joint venture with Bertelsmann Music Group.Sony also sold many of its non-core assets like th e restaurant chains etc after its restructuring since it do it easy by moving these non-core business units out of the way to trim back on the core business.The Risk and Benefits of the Multidivisional StructureAs we found out through our analysis that Sony Corporation has a multidivisional structure and Goold and Campbells five tests of good general design principles helps us to see what risks and benefits that Sony Corporation faced when Howard Stringer took over.The BenefitsIn Electronics group Sony placed centralized decision-making top executive over key areas under the Electronics chief operating officer. This change assures coordination and focus across newly defined business groups. circumstantial horizontal coordination in main areas- product planning, technology, procurement, manufacturing, and sales and marketing-will allow tumultuous and streamlined decision making across product lines.Concentration on particular business area (Games, Entertainment, Electronics, Mobi le phones)Flexible (Sony Corporation can focus its resources on different business groups, which depends on market situation, add, close or merge divisions )Specialization of competence (We can see that each division has actually become its own company like the Sony Electronics Inc., the Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc., Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.)Ability to give clear direction and make a working environment that draws out the unique talents of employees and helps them to reach their full potentialEncourages general management developmentOwnership of strategy (As per the strategies implemented we can see clearly that he had devised different strategies for each core product that Sony was providing and so he also divided the companys organizational structure the same way)Investment in core businessesSony divisions enable to work in tandem for their mutual advantage (to develop new-age products).The RisksConflicts between divisionsAdditional cost of the centerDifficulty of co-o peration between business groups (due to the large organization structure of the company the knowledge sharing and cooperation between the business units become very limited but Howard Stringer has tried overcoming this by placing five strategic committees across the business units)Divisions might grow too large (as we said before each division has actually become its own company like the Sony Electronics Inc. or the Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc. and there is a risk of them grow too large) study power is centralizedAs CEO Sir Howard Stringer recalled in a 2005 New Yorker article, the engineers started to suffer from a damaging not invented here syndrome, even as rivals were introducing next-generation products such as the iPod and Xbox. As a result of their belief that outdoors ideas were not as good as inside ones, they missed opportunities in such areas as MP3 players and flat-screen TVs and developed unwanted products-cameras that werent compatible with the most familiar fo rms of memory, for instance.Looking at the above risks and benefits we can see that though there were a lot of risks in the structure Sir Howard needed to make a decision and he made this decision with the help of allies in the company and he also took help from persons who were made in-charge of ever-changing the IBM structure many geezerhood back. They were supremacyful in doing so and since Sir Howard was declared President of Sony Global we can say that he is still in there and is still fighting and restructuring to put Sony back on to globe again. Sony is to sidereal day coming up with new customer focused products rather than products that are innovative but it is not what the customer wants.The Cultural Web in the beginning Howard StringerOrganizational culture sometimes biass the organizations strategy if taken for granted. Culture has play a role in Sonys current financial difficulties. They had power blocks which hindered the flow of communication and corporation betwee n the management, designers, production and marketing.The Cultural Web, developed by Gerry Johnson and Kevan Scholes in 1992, provides one such approach for looking at and changing your organizations culture. Using it, you can expose cultural assumptions and practices, and set to work aligning organizational elements with one another, and with your strategy.The Cultural Web identifies six interrelated elements that help to make up what Johnson and Scholes call the paradigm the pattern or lesson of the work environment. By analyzing the factors in each, you can begin to see the larger picture of your culture what is working, what isnt working, and what needs to be changed. The six elements arePower Structures Sony had a culture, were farsighted serving executives have very strong influence on the organization. At their annual general meetings all these executives take up the front seats whiles the lower ranks are relegated to the back.Many of the working major(postnominal)s di d not even discuss their share values and did not have the inter-group communication in the business.Control Systems Sony emphasized on budget plans and emergency fixes as their main control systems. Quality was not really emphasized, they believed in get the work done with the least amount of cost. Lower level staffs were not awarded for their achievements or bonuses given at the end of the year. All these were aimed at compulsive cost.Organizational Structure They had the functional/Transnational type of organization where the CEO sits at the top and all functional heads report to him. They believe in top management taking all the decisions without the involvement of the junior level engineers. These caused lack of communication and co-operation between the various units and more of delegation to get the problem solved.Stories Sony had gone through continuous restructuring for the past 9 years to improve their financial positions. Sony was not customer focused. They did not inv est in non-core businesses and lacked new-age products even though they had very good and talented engineers.Although Sony believed in harmony of the people and the company but with all this restructuring the morale of the employees was down and this was plain when there was a comment that there is sparkle in the eye of the employees after Howard Stringer took over. rites Routines As per the Japanese culture of respect Sony had a rite that it never fired its high rank executives even after retiring. The elderly managers were made Advisor (Gunther, 2006) and each of them had their own secretary, a car and device driver and they also had the authority to second-question people who were actually working at Sony.At Sony the ritual was that if an engineer came to know about a fault in the product they would let the higher-rankings know they would honest fix the problem and just do it. Thus seniors were not involved in the businessSymbols There was a symbol of seniority when the com pany never really retired its senior managers and also in the fact that during annual meetings the seniors would be given the preferred and surpass seats in the hall while the others were given uneasy seats to symbolize the importance that Sony gave to its senior managers.To create the harmony they want and give employees a range of different health and wellness programs. just about of those (as taken from the Sony Site) are as belowThey provided on-the-scene(prenominal) fitness centersOn-site flu shotsOn-site cafeteriasWellness fairs100% medical and dental planswellness risk assessmentsGym discountsStop Smoking programsNutrition informationRitual RoutinesRespect for senior managersWork in Harmony giving employees the best working environment. of age(p)s never got fired.Engineers got the freedom to do what they wanted to.Engineers did not inform senior managers of faults they just fixed it.StoriesContinuous restructuringMorale was downBelieved in the harmony of the environment and the peoples freedom of working in that environmentSymbolsSenior management given big paysNo one really gets retiredwellness related programs and discounts available.Complete Medical covered.The ParadigmRespect for Seniors speech pattern on Harmony through-out the company health and wellness programs, discounts and medical coverageEngineer-driven CultureNew innovative productsPower StructureA lot of power was given to seniors in the company who were not involved in the day to day work.Less office on the shoulder of the seniors managers as responsibility was not takenControl SystemsBudgetsEmergency FixesOrganizational StructuresTransnationalBranches/devolvedDelegative leading styleEngineer-driven cultureFigure 7- Cultural Web before Howard Stringer became CEO of Sony GlobalSony Corporation mainly focused on giving the best environment to its employees especially its engineers who were the minds behind the innovations. A high level of respect was kept between the senior and jun ior employees in the company. Various Health and wellness programs and benefits were available for employees. Sony was an engineer-driven culture which put what the engineers thought and innovated before what the customers wanted or what the market demanded.The Cultural Web After Howard StringerPower Structures Howard was made the new CEO thus giving power of the company to him. He was able to make changes but very smartly Howard made Chubachi his sound hand man since he was sure that he was the first non-Japanese CEO of the company. His power can be seen in the fact that Howard is now President of Sony in 2009.Control Systems There was a more cost control in the company through reduction of employees in many of the sites. Manufacturing companies were consolidated and shut down in many areas. Rewards and bonuses based on group performance (not seniority) after Howard Stringer had taken over.Organizational Structure With the structural changes that Howard had made to the company So ny had a flatter structure. Management was made to be more involved in each of the business units of the company. There was more responsibility given to senior and middle management.Stories As per Chubachi, it was said that since Sir Howard had taken over there was a sparkle in the eyes of the employees. The over all morale of the company was better. After Howard came people were still not sure if they knew where they were leading to but they understood the company strategy which was to make the company cool again. People were more excited.Rituals Routines After Howard came he dissolved the advisory board that consisted of 45 senior mangers who had a say in the company even after they had retired. Main customer who had used Sony products for a long time where now giving their inputs on the Sony products. Engineers were given more appreciations. conquest was being celebrated through Award ceremonies, Christmas parties, training programs and knowledge sharing sessions.Symbols After Howard came he dissolved the advisory board that consisted of 45 senior managers who had a say in the company even after they had retired. Each of them had a secretary, a car and driver and probably many other benefits. The gap between the senior management and the juniors was being reduced.Ritual RoutinesGood communicationsCustomer involvementAppreciationsGiving praiseCelebration of successStoriesReduced Gap between the senior managers and juniors.People were more aware of the company strategy.SymbolsSenior management who had retired where not taken care of by the company.Promotions based on group performanceThe ParadigmRespect for SeniorsEmphasis on Harmony through-out the companyHealth and wellness programs, discounts and medical coverageNew innovative productsPower StructureEngineers given limited powerManagement given more responsibility along with current power.Restructuring of power in the companyControl SystemsBudgetsPartnership agreementsFinancial controlsOrganizational S tructuresMulti-divisionalUnits based on market priority and business needs.democratic leadership styleFigure 8- Cultural Web after Howard Stringer became CEO of Sony GlobalFrom the above cultural web we can see that Sony did not undergo major paradigm changes but did move from a transnational structure to a multi-divisional (Electronic department was a matrix) structure.Sir Howard Stringers Change ManagementChange management is also known as Change control. It is usually referred to the process by which the change of a system/process/organization is implemented in a controlled manner.If we look at the above Cultural Webs before and after Sir Howard Stringer took over Sony we can see that in order to bring the changes as per the paradigms shown above he had to adopt a Change Management program.Organizational change management processes include techniques for creating a change management strategy which is acquiring everybody involved in the change process. Engaging senior managers as change leaders, they become the sponsors of the change program. You also need to build awareness of the need for change (communications) getting everybody to understand why the need for change. Developing skills and knowledge to support the change (education and training), helping employees move through the period of change (coaching by managers and supervisors), and methods to sustain the change (measurement systems, rewards and reinforcement).Howard Stringer had instituted all these processes for his change management, but due to the dominance culture

Computer Networks And The Domain Name System Information Technology Essay

Computer Networks And The humankind squall carcass information Technology Es interpretAlso popularly comen as DNS which is the contraction for field of study separate System is a hierarchical naming schema and an internet service that sympathizes solid ground places into IP overcompensatees. Alphabetic constitution to these earthly concern label makes us easier to understand while IP address with numbers and points can be difficult to remember. But Ultimately IP address is needed on the internet, therefore the DNS service translates the discipline mark into the corresponding IP address every time we use the domain comprise.ExampleIf the Domain name is www. workout.comIt have a bun in the ovens the domain name example.comIt might translate to-198.105.232.4The ering armors address a c ar carries the domain name much(prenominal) emailprotectedHow important is Domain produce Server to the Internet?It wont be wrong if we say that Internet would shut down very quic kly without DNS, it is by far the largest, most active and efficient distributed databases in the planet. Domain name servers, or DNS, be an incredibly important but completely hidden rive of the internet. If we spent any(prenominal) time of internet surfing, sending mails we are genuinely using domain name servers without even realizing it.Importance of DNSThe Domain Name System was Created in 1983 by Paul Mockapetris . It is the domain name strategy through which the World Wide Web, hyperlinks and internet contact information lie representent and constant even if the arrangement of internet routing changes or the someone uses another device such as mobile. People take service of this technique when they use meaningful Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) and e-mail addresses without having to exist how the computer actually locates them/translates them, making it a hidden feature on the internet.DNS ServerDomain Name Server is a server that stores the DNS records, such as-ad dress (A) records,name server (NS) records,mail exchanger (MX) records for a domain nameAnd then responds with answers to queries against its database.The MechanismThe Domain Name System is basic requirement for the internet as it provides a worldwide, distributed keyword-based redirection service. The Domain Name System also stores other types of information, such as the list of mail servers that accept email for a given Internet domain.Domain Name System distributes the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to IP addresses by designating domineering name servers for each domain. Authoritative name servers are assigned to be responsible for their particular domains, and in flake can assign other authoritative name servers for their sub-domains. This machine has do the DNS distributed and fault tolerant and has helped avoid the need for a virtuoso fundamental register to be continually consulted and updated.The Domain Name System also defines the tec hnical underpinnings of the functionality of this database service. For this purpose it defines the DNS protocol, a detailed specification of the data structures and talk exchanges employ in DNS, as part of the Internet Protocol Suite.Domain Name FormulationDomain name is divided into one or more parts, which is technically called labels that are conventionally concatenated, and delimited by dots, such as example.comThe right most labels tell us the top-level domain like in www.example.com belongs to the top level domain com. The hierarchy of domains descends from right to go away each label to the left specifies a subdivision, or subdomain of the domain to the right. For example the label example specifies a subdomain of the com domain, and www is a sub domain of example.com. This tree of subdivisions may consist of 127 levels. Each label may contain up to 63 characters. The full-of-the-moon domain name may not exceed a total length of 253 characters. In practice, some domain re gistries may have shorter limits. DNS names may technically consist of any character representable in an octet. The characters allowed in a label are a subset of the ASCII character set, and includes the characters a through z, A through Z, digits 0 through 9, and the hyphen. This rule is known as the LDH rule (letters, digits, hyphen). Domain names are interpreted in case-independent manner. Labels may not start or end with a hyphen. A hostname is a domain name that has at least one IP address associated. For example, the domain names www.example.com and example.com are also hostnames, whereas the com domain is not.OperationsBefore understanding the Operation offshoot we should know what is DNS Resolver, it is the client-side of a DNS. It is responsible for initiating and sequencing the queries that ultimately lead to a full resolution (translation) of the resource sought, e.g., translation of a domain name into an IP address. Now lets focus on the Operation which uses the address resolution mechanism in which Domain name resolvers determine the appropriate domain name servers responsible for the domain name in question by a sequence of queries starting with the right-most (top-level) domain label.The process entails1. A system that ask to use the DNS is configured with the known addresses of the root servers. This is often stored in a file of root hints, which are updated periodically by an administrator from a reliable source.2. Query one of the root servers to find the server authoritative for the top-level domain.3. Query the obtained TLD DNS server for the address of a DNS server authoritative for the second-level domain.4. ingeminate the previous step to process each domain name label in sequence, until the final step which would, rather than generating the address of the next DNS server, hang the IP address of the host sought.Protocol detailsDNS primarily uses exploiter Datagram Protocol (UDP) on port number 53 to serve requests. DNS queries consi st of a single UDP request from the client followed by a single UDP reply from the server. TCP protocol which stands for Transmission Control Protocol is used when the response data size exceeds 512 bytes, or for tasks such as govern transfers.ConclusionDoing the Research for this term report I was able to know about the DNS which is essential part of the internet functionality but is hidden from us, it has do our life easier as we dont need to remember the IP address and we vindicatory have to recite the alphabetical name and DNS itself translates it to the IP address. This Mechanism has for certain made things more easier and efficient.

International Policy Analysis: Methodology

transnational insurance indemnity psycho analytic thinking Methodology1. creative activityThe last decade has witnessed many multinational developments that befuddle profoundly impact the destinies of nations and humanity. The emergence of Ameri drive out unipolarism, the horrific attacks of September 11, and the rise of militant Islam, as well as the birth of the Euro and the business unification of affluent europium be all important developments that have had far reaching set up on foreign affairs. However, these developments have been overshadowed by the rise of the phenomenon of internationalisation, a surgical mathematical operation through which the developing domain of a function, riding on the strength of its low be and ever expanding skill and familiarity base, has started integrating rapidly into the global economy. almost fundamental laws operating in beas of judicature, business and non for profit lease to melt with the global community and operat e in accordance with structured or informal international policies, which in turn define both their initiatives in the international arena as well as their responses to global developments. internationalist organisations and international form _or_ system of government networks, in which many national bodies play a part, have significant roles in global governance. Considering that movements in favourables and services are the causal factor behind the globalisation effort, multinational corporations and opposite organisations twisting in overseas activity essentially need to have declare international policies.Efficient and regularityical analysis of international form _or_ system of government is an intrigue and specialised area of fond inquiry that involves deep arrest of mixer theory and international affairs, as well as sound familiarity with research tools. It is the accusive of this manual to elaborate and describe the methodology that demand to be adhereed to analyse the international policies of diverse organisations in diverse environmental settings.2. International policy summaryAn grant for analysis of international form _or_ system of government can arise either from an organisation responsible for framing the form _or_ system of government or from an external body wishing to analyse the form _or_ system of government of another organisation for specific purposes. Analysts could be part of in-ho accustom teams working on framing or implementing policies, or of external consultancies or think tanks engaged in the readiness of dispassionate appraisals. Researchers and psycho analysts should also derive that many exploiters of insurance policy analyses have been baffle with its solvents, despite the plethora of analytic studies and the increasing competence in the area.The proliferation of policy analysis has not, however, been matched by an examination of whether the annual production of hundreds of thousands of memos, briefings, articles, reports, books, and sundry policy prognosticationsinformed and otherwiseare actually useful to policymakers. What we do know is not encouraging In humankind policy making, many suppliers and users of social science research are dissatisfied, the former because they are not listened to, the latter because they do not view oft epochs they want to listen to (Lindblom (Hird, 2005)It so becomes critically important for the analyst to understand the nature of the organisation desiring the analysis and its reasons for doing so. A thorough brain of these reasons becomes invaluable in planning the assignment and in its subsequent conduct. Areas in international policy that need analysis are generally diverse and could encompass economic, semipolitical, security, environment or trade concerns. The framing of international policy primarily involves the rating and choice among different courses of action, programs and policies that are think to address and resolve issues regarding social, economic and political issues in the global arena.It is the objective of this manual to guide policy advisors on the adoption of a organized approach in the conduct of international policy analysis. It draws on the composing and theory of Carl Patton and other social researchers, all of whom find place in the bibliography. A policy analysis assignment involves certain go in its execution and calls for the observance of certain principles to ensure the validity of its result. This manual commences with a discussion of the concept of policy, especially in relation to power and governance. It, thereafter, soon takes up the practical principles that need consideration while planning and conducting the research, and hence elaborates the sequential paces required for its proper execution. constitutionA policy, precise briefly, is a formulated plan utilise for the guidance of decisions and action and is used by groups, associations and organisations in the governmental and private sectors. An interesting and oecumenical description refers to policies as political, management, financial and administrative mechanisms arranged to reach explicit goals. (Policy, 2006)From universities and schools to public agencies and large corporations, policy is increasingly being codified, publicized and referred to by workers and managers as the guidelines that legitimate and even motivate their behaviour. To adapt a metaphor from Arthur Koestler (1967), policy is the ghost in the machinethe force which breathes life and purpose into the machinery of government and animates the otherwise dead hand of bureaucracy. (Shore Wright, 1997, p. 5)In a world that is becomingly increasingly complex, spatial relations or enigmas are dynamic and incapable of proper definition. The serve up for policy formulation commences with the identification of issues and the development of various(a) alternatives to deal with them. A rigorous and far-reaching estima tion of the various alternatives leads to the selection of the final policy, which then of necessity proper implementation and observe. Very obviously, policies affect environments, societies and the lives of people, and while they can result in the sterling(prenominal) of good, they can lead to disastrous mistakes and to the commitment of the greatest crimes. The holocaust was a result of policy and so is the WHOs global polio eradication programme.Policies have become a major entry of western and international governance and are distinguished into formal policy, embodying policy principles and objectives, and operational policy, which comprise of mechanisms for implementation and deli really. In the international policy of a trading organisation, the formal policy whitethorn, for example, require trade with East Asia with the take a shit definition of environmental and child labour constraints, whereas the operational policy would flesh out whether the operation would be cont rolled by the corporate headquarters in europium or the regional hub in Singapore. realistic Principles of International Policy analytic thinkingInternational policy can appear to be contradictory and delicate to understand. The analyst mustiness try to understand and focus on the fundamental and essential plaza of the policy, which in turn could involve cost, environmental, humanitarian or nuclear proliferation concerns. Policies frequently have several and opposing objectives, almost of which underpin from poor definition. Analysts must thus try to focus on the core issues for analysis and not spend time on peripheral matters. Carl Patton and David Sawicki (1993) in their book Basic Methods of Policy digest and Planning state that that the principles depict below should help in planning and conducting an analytical assignment on international policy.Ideally, analysts should base their approach on using analytical tools discriminate to the issue at hand and refrain from thrusting their preferred method onto the assignment. The chosen method should be simple, transparent, logical, based upon common sense and betrothed to the issue under scrutiny. In many cases, policies are uncertain virtually issues and there is a lack of clarity in approach. Researchers must thus be pass water to take uncertainty in their stride and realise that despite their best efforts some areas depart remain cloaked in uncertainty this constraint should however not be allowed to retard the pull ahead of the analysis or devour too much of the time assign for the assignment.International policy involves factors that are frequently alien to domestic situations and requires an understanding of different cultures and political systems. An international aid organisation, for example, may have to deliver the goods succour to the citizens of a country known to have a notoriously corrupt government. In the absence of quantitative entropy, which is usually the norm in such cases , any analysis of international policy must of necessity depend upon subjective translation for project outcomes. charm some factors of international policy are bound to be subjective and incapable of interpretation or analysis through numerical data, numbers do fell light on many issues and are useful for projecting outcomes. The use of quantitative techniques and numerical data thus becomes important, wherever appropriate. Simplicity in analysis and the use of figures are also often effective in driving home the distinguishing features of different alternatives, especially during client interaction.It is also real important for analysts to check their facts exhaustively, try to appreciate the viewpoints of people with radically different opinions and arrive at analyses, not opinionated decisions.Steps in Policy Analysis efficient analysis of international policy requires an understanding of world affairs, a firm initiation in the social sciences and familiarity with quantita tive and qualitative research tools. Moreover as much of the data is subjective and needs informed interpretation, international policy analysis falls as much in the domain of art as that of science. Given the choice between too much of structure in charting of an analytical assignment and passing everything to the judgement of the researcher, it is advisable to follow a few sequential steps in the conduct of the assignment. Policy analysts, as a rule follow a series of six easily distinguishable steps. succession some experts advocate the breaking of these steps to make the process simpler, this manual waistband with the practice of adopting six important steps. These steps start with the definition of the conundrum and are followed by establishment of criteria for military rating and prayer of evidence, identification of alternatives, valuation of alternatives, distinguishing among alternatives, and finally implementation and monitoring of policy.a. Definition of the Problem A policy analysis manipulation must necessarily commence with the definition of the problem. This step is of import and integral to the success of the project. It provides the reason for the exercise and gives direction for group of evidence. While a certain amount of experience helps in delimit and detailing the issue, the process should be iterative and the definition exercise ingeminate a few times. A meaningful effort at problem definition will enable the researcher to state the problem appropriately, control its scale, eliminate extraneous matter, and question both the thinking and the definition of the issue. While defining the problem it is important to use quantitative data, study standardised projects and locate relevant data. This will help in removing uncertainties, illuminating objectives, terminate divergences and focussing on the essence, i.e. the core issue. Problem definition is a crucial step. However, because it is hard to get it right (the) same step (migh t be needed) again and again. Over the course of analytic work, empirical and conceptual understanding will evolve. (Bardach, 2000, p. 7)b. Establish Evaluation CriteriaThe next step involves the establishment of criteria for evaluation and arrangement of evidence. This is essential to crystallize the modus of measurement of policy goals, bring about agreement and establish similar criteria for assessing different alternatives and policy outcomes, desirable or otherwise. A number of factors, including costs, net gains, efficacy, fairness, organizational comfort, well-grounded validity and suitability need consideration while establishing evaluation criteria. Most of the time spent on policy analysis happens because of the time required to gather data and time needed to think. While thinking is obviously by far the to a greater cessation important activity, data gathering is laborious and takes time. Data helps in cardinal ways in the projection of realistic outcomes of policy and in the analysis of its implications.One purpose is to assess the nature and extent of the problem(s) you are hard to define. A second is to assess the particular features of the concrete policy situation you are engaged in studying. The third purpose is to assess policies that have been thought, by at least some people, to have worked effectively in situations apparently similar to your own, in other jurisdictions, perhaps, or at other times. (Bardach, 2000, p. 8)c. Identification of AlternativesEstablishment of evaluation criteria leads to the next step, i.e. the identification of alternatives. The generation of alternatives requires imagination, knowledge and the ability to constructively brainstorm with other experts. The challenge of identifying alternatives, as good or possibly superior to the given policy, calls for combining ideas from different alternatives as well as from the one under study. It is important at this arrange to assess the impact of any swop in public policy that could have taken place in the interim or may well take place in the short and medium term. open policy changes can occur due to a number of reasons, viz. changes in the political establishment following elections, changes in budget, changes in the political structure of foreign countries or occurrences of disasters like the Tsunami or the Bird grippe epidemic. International policy, by its very nature is not prone to change at short notice and the assimilation of the possible effect of upcoming changes into the generation of alternatives has proved to be very helpful in projecting policy outcomes.d. Assessment of AlternativesThe identification of alternatives results in a need for their evaluation in terms of the benefits that each of them could provide vis--vis established criteria. Data collection may again be required at this stage for the assessment of different alternatives and the projection of possible outcomes. This is a crucial phase of the process as new asp ects of the problem could now surface, leading to reiteration of the various steps of the analysis. The evaluation of alternatives should actually focus on evaluating the outcomes of the different proposals as trade-offs between different alternatives cannot occur in the absence of projected outcomes. The criteria for evaluation should encompass different perspectives like costs, efficacy, fairness, equity and justice. Carl Patton (1993) states that evaluative criteria could also let in issues like free markets, economic freedom, capitalism, freedom from government control, par of opportunity, equality of result, free speech, religious freedom, privacy and safety. The analyst must bear in mind that the objective of the exercise is analysis for a specific user and not the handing down of a considered decision and should thus try to be as broad ranging as possible in the choice of evaluative criteria.e. Distinguish and Display AlternativesEvaluation of alternatives and outcomes make s it possible for the analyst to assess the extent of benefits met by individual alternatives, in the context of previously decided criteria, and in distinguishing between them. In case of conflict between alternatives that do not easily fit into the matrix of benefits, it is possibly advisable to go by the alternative that suits existing public policy. Issues of legality and political acceptability are also very important while distinguishing between alternatives and it would be manifestly unwise to consider alternatives, which while satisfying other criteria, skirt legal requirements or could end up as politically difficult to implement. While distinguishing and displaying alternatives, the analyst should focus on simplicity of presentation, use of tables and quantitative data and the highlighting of worst and best case scenarios for each alternative. The report must be clear, simple, tabulated properly and be easy to comprehend.f. Implement and Monitor PolicyOnce a policy altern ative is accepted it is the role of the analyst to round off the exercise by planning for its implementation and creating a system to monitor policy outcomes. The monitoring and effective implementation of international policy is crucial as improper application and inadequate monitoring could result in undesirable outcomes and policy failure. International policies need to be very carefully monitored during implementation to ensure that unintentional changes do not occur and actual outcomes can be measured against those projected.3. ConclusionThe analysis of International Policy falls under the domain of applied social research and is a complex task that requires knowledge of social sciences, grounding in international affairs and familiarity with the tools of social research. A detailed and comprehensive understanding of the core issues involved in policy analysis assignment is a sine qua non and possibly the most crucial part of the analytical process. International policy analysi s involves the use of quantitative and qualitative data, a variety of approaches to the subject and choice of appropriate methodology. Analysts must be ready to work out of the box at all times, especially in the identification of various alternatives.Policy analysis, while it uses scientific and statistical tools, is very interpretative in its approach and liable to bias. It is thus imperative that the exercise has a structured and phased approach and that all assumptions are identified clearly. Records should be kept accurately, information must be accessed from multiple sources and relevant overlord and ethical considerations addressed appropriately to ensure the success of the exercise.BibliographyBardach, E. 2000. A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis The Eightfold Path to More Effective Problem Solving. New York Chatham House Publishers.Feller, I. 1986 Universities and State Governments A Study in Policy Analysis. New York Praeger Publishers.Fischer, F. Forester, J. (Eds.). 1993. The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning. London UCL Press.Gross, F. 1954, Foreign Policy Analysis. New York Philosophical Library.Hird, J. A. 2005, Policy Analysis for What? the Effectiveness of Nonpartisan Policy Research Organizations. Policy Studies Journal, 33(1), 83+.Hogwood, B. W., Gunn, L. A. 1984. Policy Analysis for the Real World. Oxford Oxford University Press.Patton, C and Sawicki, D, 1993, Basic Methods of Policy Analysis and Planning, second Ed., Prentice Hall, USAPolicy, 2006, Wikipedia, Retrieved January1, 2006 from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolicyRoe, E. 1994. Narrative Policy Analysis possibleness and Practice. Durham, NC Duke University Press.Rust, M. 2001, November 19. Who Bought off the Think Tanks? Corporations Eager to Do Business with China get under ones skin Cozied Up to Conservative Think Tanks, Raising Concerns about Their Influence take aim on Foreign-Policy Analysis. Insight on the News, 17, 20+.Shore, C. Wright, S. (Eds.). 1997 An thropology of Policy Critical Perspectives on Governance and Power. London Routledge.Thomas M. Meenaghan, Keith M. Kilty and John G. McNutt Social Policy Analysis and Practice. 2005. Journal of Sociology Social Welfare, 32(3), 208+.Wignaraja, G. (Ed.). 2002. Competitiveness Strategy in Developing Countries A Manual for Policy Analysis. London Routledge

Motivation In A Business Start Up Business Essay

Motivation In A Business work Up Business EssayThere be misconceptions on the implication of motivation and the ways in which it influences disposals if at all. Motivation can be seen as the drive an individual has to achieve a set end however Laurie J. Mullins (2005) describes motivation as the direction and persistence of action. There has been a wide range of research concerning the topic of motivation however in that respect be still arguments on the extent to which it has an influence on existent moving ines and if so how these businesses can use it to their advantage. I am quite intrigued by the idea of motivation, as my main postulate at present is to die a Financial Manager. As a result of this main aim I rich person decided to broaden the ideas I get just ab tabu individuals thinking and the factors that increase their performance during the course of this assignment for future use. seek and ObservationUsing books and online case studies I have found that it c ould be argued that motivation is quite a broad topic as there argon m either aspects to it however I find that motivation is as simple as an individuals desire to achieve. Business analysts like Mullins (2007251) have determine that motivation is non plainly brought ab bring out by the individual exclusively also by the environment in which they be working in. Laurie J Mullins (2005) seems to moot that performance = function (ability * motivation) which seems to suggest that an individuals motivation to achieve is a factor of their performance (for example how well they get the job done). This wherefore brings about the main question, how essential is motivation in a business setup? How can motivation be practised in a given business set up?The Volvo case study (Robbins, Judge, Campbell 2010) Volvo beingness a car manufacturing business, its goal was to motivate its employees to produce these quality cars which would in turn maximise its hits. In order to motivate its emp loyees it decided to convention the strategies of a self-managed team, where the team members were responsible for producing the cars and had a supervisor to report to if any problems were to occur. Volvo genuinely believed that this autonomy would motivate employees to would harder, however it all went pear regulate as it turned out that the meetings with supervisors were now get-togethers where the team members criticised severally others performances to the supervisor. Having sight this strategy we find that this was not a form of motivation, as the individuals felt they had to work in order to reduce complaints about them to the team supervisors, not because they genuinely wanted to perform better. Many companies like Volvo set out to motivate their employees in various ways (such as the self-managed team), but I believe that the business should accordingly be awargon and monitor their strategies to wee sure they go according to their plans. The way I see it is that the bunk with Volvo may be seen as an ethical issue as the employee variant could have resulted due to the fact that they always had to watch their backs when working (due to the fact that they may have felt that their jobs were not secure). This thereby demonstrates that businesses have place that their employees get hold of to be motivate in order to perform on the job. This self-management strategy turned out to be a great strategy for the business product line, but the real question is was this strategy an bonus?Linstead, Fullop and Lilly (2004) point out McKenna (1999 301) states that the topic of motivation has lost its relevance and ineluctably to be replaced with concepts such as sense making, identity and diversity. He seems to believe that motivation is brought about by the individual administration intervention suggests that the organisations are influencing or manipulating the situation as we have place with the Volvo case study. McKenna (1999)s conjecture being quit e an interesting observation one is able to visit what he was trying to put across (Volvo case study), but does this then mean that motivation can only be brought about by the individual, with it being essential to businesses?There are other researchers such as Roy Jacques (1996160-1) who believe that, there are categories of workers who do not need motivation, who are more than career and professionally oriented. However observing ourselves we find that each individual, not looking at whether they are career oriented or not, has days when they line up down or times when they do not feel like performing. There then has to be an incentive to advocate them to carry out their daily routines, such money or the need to socialise which we know as motivation incentives. Having acknowledged this observation, if an individual take motivation to carry out their daily routines then we are opposed to believe that (all the more) they lead need them in order to perform at a high standard f or the business to achieve its goals.Marchese (2003)As identified above, there are quite a number of theories different researchers have come up with, which now shape the way in which legion(predicate) individuals perceive motivation. All the theories above, in one way or some other are stating that individuals need to be propel in order to perform, thereby implying that the more motivated an individual is the higher(prenominal) their performance direct allow be. One of the well-known theories of motivation being Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs, Maslows theory argues that individuals have a hierarchy of needs, that motivation is attained by satisfying higher order needs, as identified belowConclusion reciprocal ohm is an organisation that has based its motivational theories for employees on Maslows Hierarchy of needs. This was a result of the organisation acknowledging that not only do production levels increase when its employees are motivated but other factors too, such as the fact that employees who are motivated feel that their work is valued, which inspires them to take pride in the tasks they perform. Ultimately Siemens has identified that with as a set of demotivated staff the organisation loses out on benefitting from factors that revolve around production maximisation. An example is that if staff do not feel valued (an incentive to motivation) then the organisation is more likely to suffer from staff absences or high staff overturn as no individual desires to be in an environment where they feel they are not required. This then brings the topic back to product/profit maximisation the more absent the employees are the less the organisation will produce and the less profit the organisation will make. The higher the employee upset (job satisfaction is low) a business has the more money it has to spend on recruitment which means the more the business loses money. This altogether brings down the level of efficiency the production level of the bus iness is. Here we have only identified one aspect in which motivation increases performance, there are many more such as the fact that motivated individuals are more willing to work together as they feel they are all working towards the same goal, self-achievement. This is implying that the more employees feel that their needs are being met, the more they are willing to achieve the business needs, thereby stating that motivating employees in turn motivates the business.Work CitedMarchese M.C., 2003. Phycology applied to work conceit Charts for Study and Review for Muchinskys, 1224Linstead S, Fulop L, Lilley S, 2004. Management and Organisation a critical text, 9 281-282Robbins S.P., Judge T.A., Campbell T.T., 2010. Organisational Behaviour, 6140-195Mullins L.J., 2005, 2007. Management and Organisational Behaviour, 4 471-503, 7250-285Mckenna E 1994. Business Psychology Organisation Behaviour a bookman handbook, 263-107The Siemens Case Study- http//www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studymo tivation-within-a-creative-environment89-405-2.phpixzz13WeKNXsZ

Integrative Counselling Using the Skilled Helper Approach

Integrative Counselling Using the Skilled companion shape upThe Skilled Helper ApproachOutlineThis paper is ab step to the fore hold in backogenetic focal point apply the masterful abetter _or_ abettor approach. In this paper we go out discuss the surmisal and application of the integrative simulation of the expert associate and components of person centred centering and solution focus therapy. We will look at this integrative mannequin and the benefits as well as the possible downsides. A case study will then be presented using this integrative mystify to counsel the invitee.IntroductionIntegrative commission looks at some(prenominal) approaches that chip in been combined and used within a therapeutic counselling blood. Coming a charge from a hotshot counselling approach and feature suited seats of counselling, both the direction and thickening reap the benefits of the integrated model (Arkowitz, 1997). Robertson (1970) verbalise that his radical eclec ticism bypassed theory.Introduction Gerald EganGerald Egan is professor of organisation studies and psychological science and programme director for the centre for organisation development (CORD) at the Loyola University of Chicago. Egan authentic the skill jock model and in 1975 published the first version of his book The Skilled Helper , which demonstrateding an eclectic frame realize for a line of lean make outment approach to the counselling shape.The Integrative CounsellorThere atomic number 18 counsellors that see themselves as world eclectic in their work. It is viewed they ar syncretism-using techniques from some modelsRZ1. Eclecticism no or little abstractive rationaleRZ2. Merely clout techniques from many models without a sound rationale sack only consequent in syncretistic confusion (Lazarus, 1996, 1996 Lazarus, Beutler, Norcrossk, 1992).Development of TherapyThe three main influences on the development argon the skills training approaches to counselling, the social influence theory, and behavioral theories of knowledge and switch over. Egan sums his approach up as A conceptual framework. to trick out borrowed ideas, methods and techniques systematic in ally and to integrate them into ones own theory and practice of cooperateingRZ3..TheoryThe straightforward helper model is a Tran theoretical approach to integration. The lymph gland seeks counselling or assistance when they ar experiencing difficulties in coping with problems in his or hertheir lifeves. The Counsellor will find and act on solutions to these problems. This is make uping fa in that respect by using a problem solving process. The process is demonstrated by using 3 three main branchs which originally were titled Exploration, understand and Action, and which are now renamed as Present Scenario, Preferred Scenario and Getting ThereRZ4.The third symbolize exerciseThe three stage model consists of three locomote within three stages. Egan describes this mod el as A a cognitive map with practical potential, complex enough to make sense of existence and simple enough to useRZ5..1 Present ScenarioThe invitee is helped to describe and research the present ScenarioRZ6,she is release finished at present2The Preferred Scenarioarticulated a preferred scenario that includes future goalsaAnd objectives.3Getting ThereDevelop and implement natural deed strategies forrom movingfrom the current to preferred scenario.The Skilled Helper exemplar is integrative, going mainly by three stages. Person centered, to establish the therapeutic relationship, Gestalt, for intense work on awareness and behaviour therapy to work on tilt. Egan states do whatever is ethical and works. (199062). (Robertson (1979) stated that his radical eclecticism bypassed theory. The writerRZ7 argues that theory is evident within the approach as it is influenced by strong theoretical approaches integrated into the skilled helper.Dr Carl Rogers argues that It is the leaf node who knows what is hurting and in the final outline it is the leaf node who knows how to move forewardords ... the counsellors task is to en sufficient the thickening to make affaire with his own inner resources rather than to guide, advise or in some other focusing influence the direction the knob should result . Thus thus emphasising the central importance of the customers phenomenological world. (Mearns Thorne, 1988, P1).The three stage model is a systematic way of learning to work with guests helping them to cope to a greater extent efficaciously with their life,. tTo manage their problems in living much effectively and develop unused opportunities to a greater extent fully, and to help throng become better at helping themselves in their everyday lives. (Egan G., The Skilled Helper, 1998, pp. 7-8). Using the approach counsellors are able to research the clients feelings, judgeing and behaviour.In stages one and two, clients are helped to look for and under stand themselves their feelings and their world better, and in a un worry light. In stage 3 three, clients are helped to military issue effective action to achieve positive intensify.Assumptions of the Model some counsellors see the skilled helper model as being basic counselling and a paradigm that is made more complicated than necessary. Egan is slightly contrary nearly human natureRZ8 ..Egan and Cowan 1979RZ9Egan and Cowan 1979, 1980 Egan, 1984RZ10The focus of the skilled helper model is concentratesd on the client, with the aid of counsellor, in enabling the client to develop modern skills of self management, interpersonal communication, and decision making. The counsellor and client wWorking together on strategies to bring close to change, and they. examine Looking at what the client would homogeneous to change or manage polarly.Psychological wellnessThe heart of the problem solving process is the clients action itself (Egan, (1975227). This is achievable by enabling the client to tell his or her storey. The skilled helper model is one that sees the potential of change to take placement in clients (Inskipp, 199392), w. Where the client shi8fts their behaviour from unhealthy to healthy to juvinateRZ11 positive change. variegate comes to the highest degree through action The heart of the problem-solving process is the clients action itself (Egan, 19752227RZ12). This is by way of the client letting goRZ13.Change begins to take place when the client is given space to tell his or her their storey. In apprisal of the storey, the resources for change areis identified and used. Client The client is helped to reframe by perceive the story and, situations in a different light, seeing him or heerself as a subbaby rather than a victim. However, simply Just penurying change to take place is non sufficient. The cClient must be active in the process of change by way of adapting his or her behaviour through action, chiding and new learning. Constructi ve change is always the bottom line. (Egan 1990207).Practice and clinical issuesThe counsellor has to be effective in the way the approach is used. Helpers are successful to the degree that their clients because of client helper interactions are in a better position to manage specialized problem situations and develop specific unused resources and opportunities more effectively. (Egan, 19987). The role of the counsellor is to assist the client in under rest his or hertheir storey and /problem, and assist with skills that will aid their client in being effective in the management of particular challenge situations.The gGoals of the counsellor in the relationship are to build and empathic coalescency, to assist, identify, concentrate and to evaluate.Counsellors use of the ModelUnderstand and confidence of the 3 stage model with a willingness to redress to accommodate the clients takeRZ14. Counsellor works with the client in the here and now. well-nigh of the skills used woul d be their natural internal supervisor and , attending skills, through awareness and use of the mnemonic SOLAR (squarely, open, learn, eye, relaxed). For non verbal communication, using the model as a template for change, the counsellor worksing therapeutically at the clients pace using assessment skills, identifying if the degree of difficulty experienced by the client gets in the way of achieving change in idea and relationships.Making a contract with client, focusses of the work, nature and frequency of contact, confidentiality and possible limitations of it, reassessment and evaluationRZ15. Evaluation is ongoing through sessions as this helps identify what is /or is not helpful during the session.Use of skill through communicationThe counsellor engages with the client attendingRZ16, active listening, establishing and conveying empathy and the use of probes and questioning, immediacy, and appropriate self disclosure to client. mind-set storming is a cognitive way of helping cl ient to look at new perspectives on situations. Brainstorming generates hope that thisRZ17 can be different this helps client to move foreward into working creatively. The cCounsellor can engage with the client using a variety of different skills, such as . Prompting what do you really want for yourself in this situation, miracle Miracle Ququestion brief therapy, Blank wall visual percept NLP (DeShezer, 1988 OConnor and McDermott, 1996)0.Goal setting and reviewing helps client to see hopes as goals that are SMARTRZ18, specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and cadence-limited.Change ProcessEgan takes his process of change from the behavioural approach (Wopolfe et al., 198911). Seeing behavioural change over cognitive changeRZ19. The counsellor uses empathy to form a strong working alliance with the client through the exploration of feelings. The exploration of feelings plays the main part in effecting for change to take place. within an article about change showedOne s ource identifies three3 agents for change stated affective experiencing, cognitive mastery and behavioural regulation (Karasu 1986690). RZ20 These three3 agents play a study part in the skilled helper approach for change to take place.Nature of therapeutic relationshipEgan sees that the therapeutic relationship is slavish in the counselling process. Working to achieve goals within specific time restrains the counsellor takes on the role ofRZ21 . A relationship of service, not an end in itself (Egan 199057). Whereby Rogers argues that the therapeutic relationship is funda noetic in the counselling processRZ22.As part of the skilled helper approach, Egan incorporated Rogers core conditions. Egan describes himself as standing on Rogers shouldersRZ23, owing much to him as the core conditions is a major part of the approach. Rogers, on the other hand, concentrates on the person as a whole human-being. There are many differences between the two approaches (see elude 9.1).Format of a ty pical sessionEach session is different as in that location are is no set format. Tthe process depends on where the client is with the process of change.Indications and contraindicationsThis approach is similar to the cognitive and behavioural approaches. The model is only beneficial for clients with mild to moderate conditions. The approaches concentrates itself onwith the client having the motivation to change and test out feelings and perceptions in a new framework.The model can be used with most clients and situations including depression ()Mynors-Wallis et al., 1995 Sseeley et al., 1996), and working with young people (Mabey and Sorensen, 1995).The model is described as being eclectic (Inskipp and Johns, 1984).Weakness of ModelThe model can be iInflexible, not suitable for clients with deep roouted problems, and there is little research to verify its efficacyRZ24. Although the problem management programme is beneficial, it whitethorn have to be modified to fit some cultures.Obs tacles to IntegrationWithin Tthe development and u discerning of an integrative mode,l as opposed to a single model, has its drawbacks and possible pitfalls. Hastily combining counselling models on a at whim just because the models separately are pleasing does not unavoidably not lend itself to necessarily be combined successful combinationly into an integrated model.No one theory or model can shew that it ey holds athe patent off the truth. No one single model or set of techniques have or can always be effective with diverse clients. Nonetheless, tThere is a current trend, as the basis for future counselling practices writers are developing integrative approaches (Lazarus, 1996RZ25). Some models of counselling integration are The Skilled Helper Model, Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) and the Conversational Model.There are times, however (dependent on the client) when a single established integrative model may be used. For the purpose of this essay an example of the Skilled Helper model will be the main integrative model.Case ascertainIntroductionThis case study looks at the use of the skilled helper model with Lisa, a 16 year old college student on a one year foundation course of study. Her problem is that she finds herself more and more savage. Every week there is an aggressive situation at college between Lisa and her peers or with members of the college staff. She has been officially warned twice and is in great jeopardy of being thrown off her course and out of college. Throughout many of her statewide school life she has been expelled from several schools because of her behaviour. It was recommended by the Student Support passenger vehicle that Lisa attend some sessions of counselling to get herself sorted outRZ26. This was an option recommended to herim as an alternative to expelling her.expulsion.TheoryHelping relationships are influenced by whether the helper is a trained counsellor or is using counselling skills as part of performing another r ole. Helping relationships takes place in the notch and in the heart, as well as face to face. Ultimately all helping relationships need to become client self helping relationships. (Nelson-Jones, 1999, P.118) point in time one looks at the problems, issues, concerns, and undeveloped opportunities for Lisa.Lisa agreed to attend counselling, this was not a new experience for her. She had previously received counselling and raise management several times and stated, Tthey dont work..Assessment and promise took place during the first session. Lisa was listened to, enabling her to tell her storey of what brought her to counselling and the pass on up to it. During the session, probing was used to discover that Lisa felt alone pull down out though it appeared she had many friends. She was the leader of her girl gang. Not real friends, they dont know me. Theyre only with me because I fight for them. Some of them are bigger than me.. She felt unloved by her arrest because there was no discipline and they only encouragement given was for her to stand up for herself. Her dad has spent years in and out of prison. Lisa felt unspeakable and was often told that she wasso. She dressed in boys clothes and kept her strawberry redheaded hair (which almost r to each oneed halfway down her back) secured with an elastic band. She had an older sister who was 20, who had changed her religion and was preparing to marry within into a Muslim family. Lisa had two young brothers that seemed to get away with ruling the household with their demands. Lisa proudly carried a venial photograph around with her of her deceased sister, the only person she really felt loved by, and the only one she loved. With more gentle probing, it became apparent that her sister died as a baby two years before Lisa was bornRZ27. Her former(prenominal) time is spent hanging out with her friends and at times designedly causing trouble. She left school with no formal qualifications, and therefore w as set(p) on a foundation course which she found did not hold her attention as she got through her work quickly. and so Aas she could move foreward, Lisa found she was helping other students in the class with their workRZ28.Lisa is asked what do you really want for yourself in this situation? Brainstorming technique is used to look at course and career options. Lisa looks into the future of how she would love to be an accountant as she is very good at maths, or even an actressRZ29. In the sometime(prenominal) she had thought that someone like her would not have the opportunity to do either, but she was happy to look at moving foreward.A mental list was used for the client to come up with some of the things she would like to change. She realises that she is on the wrong course and comes to know that by accepting shop at from the educational guidance worker and Foundation studies manager she may be able to change her course to one that will be toss at a higher level to do busines s studies and accounts. She similarly realises if she had toned her behaviour down at school for the last few weeks before the end of term, she would not have been expelledRZ30 and would have done her exams at school rather than giving up her 9 GCSEs even though an alternative school was offered for her to take her exams. Her estimated grades were mainly Bs and Cs.3 sessions Llisa seems agitated, feeling she has to no choice but to come. options givenRZ31. Fears of exclusion, no qwualifications, failureRZ32The counsellor gave aAssurances that given everything is confidential with the exception of disclosures to child protection agencies, or in the case of imminent harm to self and others. The counsellor also eExplained counselling is not a prescription n, she not does not have to come, the decision will be hers, no implications with or from college staffRZ33.By telling her storey at the placeRZ34 she has more insight into the issues she faced. She sees herself as helpful, hardwo rking and a good communicator.The model of the skilled helper is explained more fully to clients discontinue of the process within the model used. Learnt basic features of model for focus, direction, guidance interactions with peearsRZ35.Stage 1 Step 1 Tthe storeyClient tells her storey which is facilitated by me using probes, this encourages the client to offer detailed information about herself. This enables client to understand her situation, so as she can look at what take to be done to manage it.Goal setting What do I really want?Step 1b Blind spotLisa is helped to identify signifcicant craft spots about herself so as she can develop new perspectives in moving foreward. This is used to break through areas that prevent Llisa from seeing herself and her situationRZ36.Step 1c Cchoosing even off problem to work onn.Lisa has many problems, I hHelped her work on problems that will make a substantial difference in her life. The client is encouraged and supported in working on her problems.The questionsRZ37 help Llisa to look into her future. Lisa discovers there are many things she wants there is a , right course for her, one that she is interested in and can jollify. She can enjoy bBetter relationships with peers and staff. She can enjoy tTime for herself and her mom.Lisa was fFurther encouraged to look at needs and range them. Overall she needs to feel she is achieving academically, making progress in relationships with family, and she would like to change her image be a girly girl..Setting priorities help her to think about how she might achieve them. I then helped her to explore and illuminate her priorities. Tthis is done by asking her how would she know she is achieving, what would it look like. The type of course is then explored in the areas of accountancy and performing arts and which one would be more suitable for her needs and wants, and by. looking at which one is more practicael and achievable.Stage 3 Developing action strategies.At t he beginning of counselling, mentoring support group work was offered to Lisa. This service was offered again to clientRZ38. She breaks through some cunning spots, getting a better understanding of and prioriitising her needs, as well as. eExploring what she needs to do to get what she wants. Lisa talks more about her hoped for ambitions prioritising accountancy, making contact with the college guidance worker to see what she would need to get onto a course. On being an actress, it was decided by the client that she would need to attend sage school or the performing arts course at college. We explored each profession, looking at pay, reliability, enjoyability, the possibility that it would possibly help form good character, as well as career endurance. Accountancy took priority, coming out on top in Lisas evaluation. This also linked into the situation that the client enjoys and excels in maths and has experienced accounts at school., Armed with this information, the client conta cted her personal tutor and foundations manager. She put her case forward to them them both to be able to be transferred onto an accountancy or business studies course with administration. freehand the client space to do this contributed to her empowerment.The mentoring group consisted of eight 8 students, 16 18 years of age. This gave students a safe place to explore her feelings about her relationships and her body image. She Lisa bravely asked Ddo your moms help you with your hair and make up? Ttalk to you about boys? The questions generated much conversing over two sessions. As a result of the group, work the hair, beauty and holistic therapy departments were approached. Client precious to be a gfirly girl, which meant she wanted help in knowing how to style her hair, and to apply put counterbalance on. Sessions for a course of holistic therapy to help with stress were arranged. these therapies helped her to physically see herself in comparison to whathow she had imagined within her own mind.By being a valued member of the weekly group, the client found she was able to receive support as well as give it, leaving her feeling empowered. Being actionRZ39 in her therapy has allowed her to concentrate on her course, career prospects, and image, which leads to modify personal conduct, relationship with peers, members of staff and mother, thereby. rReducing the anger and sometimes hate she felt for herself and resentment towards her mother.Client Lisa eventually moves out of the group, as she feels less angry and stressed. Although client she may have benefited from staying for one or two more sessions, the end of session evaluation was that the client felt that she had sufficiently amend and wanted to withdraw therefore the helping process had served its purpose (. Waehler and Lenox (1994)). accordingly Hher relationships are more productive and enjoyable she is. feeling better about herself as she knows some of the feelingss and views of her peer s as they saw her . hHow she was and how she can be. by way of a connextiosRZ40 worker client is being helped to communication her needs to her mother taki

Identity on the Internet :: Technology Computers

Identity on the InternetBefore the internet, in that respect was only the computing machine, large ones that take up a whole room. The computer then was seen only as a tool, and then a a few(prenominal) age later there was the personal computer which made it more accessible and more interactive. The PC was a kind of evolutionary stair which enabled us to adjudge wider relationships. But these relationships did not appear yet until PCs started to commence interconnected. This is where internet comes in. At first it was only a military tool, utilise by the States to connect their military branches and easily share their data. That was until someone cut the commercial value and the great potential of the net. In the article of Sherry Turkle, she depict a new world where we have started to populate over the years with several mirrors of ourselves. The cyberspace is exactly that strange new world multitude have inhabited with the help of technology like the personal computer. With our lives immediately within the screen and our personal selves cannot be determined by the early(a) end then the internet, we gain the ability to recreate ourselves virtually in the new world. We now have the ability to create characters will may or may not reflect our own identity. With MUD or multi user domains the characters we play can even have emotions that can be conveyed to a large number of other players residing in the cyber world. Through the interactions we have with players around the world, our real life personas, Turkle pointed out, go to sleep and our characters materialize inside the virtual domain. Players often border between real life (RL), a term coined by several MUD enthusiast and their cyber worlds and as a result there are several analogies that will work for this topic. permits take Play by Email (PBeM) as an caseful this will be discussed further later on. The author is the player in cyber world and the interaction in the game is in the form o f pen and the computer is the converter of simple words into the characters actions, thoughts and feelings. namelessness is a window to a new character. The internet also gives a person a chance to explore his other desires. He may be a man in RL but plays a woman in the game. She maybe a lawyer but plays a bartender.

The Minimum Wage Must be Raised :: Increase Minimum Wage Essays

Raising the lower limit wage bequeath benefit nearly 28 million workers across the country. And it will help businesses, withal - face lifting the wage will put more m unityy in peoples pockets, which they will pump back into the economy by spending it on goods and function in their communities. -- President Obama The minimal wage must be ensnared(a) because the cost of living has g 1 up considerably. Education is essential if one wishes to work, and the cost of education has increased drastically in the past 20 years. Companies should be requied to pay workers what they deserve, and that is more than minimum wage is now. With our new engine room and the technology in the future work is harder and more complicated. A minimum wage increase would raise the wages of many workers and increase benefits to those disfavour workers. Because the cost of living has sky rocketed, it has become almost impossible to raise a family on a minimum wage job. A mortal living on his or her own cannot survive on minimum wage job either. Their living expense would just be too much. The earnings of minimum wage workers are crucial to their families well being. examine from 2013 and 2014 minimum wage increase shows that an average minimum wage worker brings home more than half of his or her familys weekly earnings. In 2013 one million single mothers with children under 18 would have benefited from a minimum wage increase to $10.

Starship Troopers Essay -- Analysis, Heinlein

The Novum presented in starship Troopers is the rule of the Veterans and the resulting primacy of the troops. This Novum sets the bracing up as a utopic pandering to a readership demographic that the author himself is a member of. This is a normative sci-fi construction. Starship Troopers deviates in that the true maneuver readership is the young human being who has non up to now been given a find oneself to join up. He is meant to gain a favorable understanding of the troops man by sharing in his dream. The dream because - the earthly concern created is the persuasive device.Heinlein begins by claiming historical inevitableness for his Novum. Once our decadent refining falls, the veterans as the faction best fitted out(p) to counter anarchy, will only take over police and then government functions. Further, those early veterans, since they were finding it obligatory to hang some veterans, decided that, if they had to do this, they werent going to let every bleedin unprintable civilians have any verify about it. (198). Which is to say that the mark mingled with soldier and civilian was make on the soldiers resentment of their task. This implies that the soldiers blame the societal recrudesce on the decadence of the civilians. This is partially countered when veterans ar stated to be clean as likely to perpetrate a crime as non-veterans (199) still more fully reaffirmed when it is stated that democracy failed because the people had been led to believe that they could hardly vote for whatever they cute(76). Regardless, this is where Heinlein introduces his system of franchise, and it too is conceptualized as an total and obvious development. These two classes are essential as the book is a bildungsroman and its action is of comparison between the t... ...the appeal of the life of the soldier and level(p) of the validity of his Novum as a government form (he makes explicit pen to Technocracy, the nearest equivalent (199)). I d o find the argument win over, and perhaps not as much for the younger reader. The best advantages of military service presented are submit and contentment, in short, the death mount - the proclivity to live less a desire I hope is not well formed in the young reader. The arguments for the superiority of the military man are less convincing since they rely on a middling problematic altruism founded on species survival over the individual but they are serviceable and no one debates with someone who wants to sacrifice himself anyways. Overall, if the capitalistic game of meritocracy appears a musical composition too rigged and the death drive kicks in a mo early, military service is shown to be a good option. Starship Troopers Essay -- Analysis, HeinleinThe Novum presented in Starship Troopers is the rule of the Veterans and the resulting primacy of the military. This Novum sets the novel up as a utopic pandering to a readership demographic that the author him self is a member of. This is a normative sci-fi construction. Starship Troopers deviates in that the true target readership is the young man who has not yet been given a chance to join up. He is meant to gain a favorable understanding of the military man by sharing in his dream. The dream then - the world created is the persuasive device.Heinlein begins by claiming historical inevitability for his Novum. Once our decadent civilization falls, the veterans as the faction best equipped to counter anarchy, will simply take over police and then government functions. Further, those early veterans, since they were finding it necessary to hang some veterans, decided that, if they had to do this, they werent going to let any bleedin unprintable civilians have any say about it. (198). Which is to say that the distinction between soldier and civilian was built on the soldiers resentment of their task. This implies that the soldiers blame the societal collapse on the decadence of the civilia ns. This is partially countered when veterans are stated to be just as likely to commit a crime as non-veterans (199) but more fully reaffirmed when it is stated that democracy failed because the people had been led to believe that they could simply vote for whatever they wanted(76). Regardless, this is where Heinlein introduces his system of franchise, and it too is conceptualized as an organic and obvious development. These two classes are essential as the book is a bildungsroman and its action is of comparison between the t... ...the appeal of the life of the soldier and even of the validity of his Novum as a government form (he makes explicit reference to Technocracy, the nearest equivalent (199)). I do find the argument convincing, but perhaps not as much for the younger reader. The best advantages of military service presented are acquiesce and contentment, in short, the death drive - the desire to live less a desire I hope is not well formed in the young reader. The argu ments for the superiority of the military man are less convincing since they rely on a pretty problematic altruism founded on species survival over the individual but they are serviceable and no one debates with someone who wants to sacrifice himself anyways. Overall, if the capitalist game of meritocracy appears a bit too rigged and the death drive kicks in a bit early, military service is shown to be a good option.

Antigone’s Judicial Hierarchy Essay -- Sophocles Antigone Papers

Antig ones Judicial HierarchyIn Antigone, one of the most renowned Greek tragedies, Sophocles constructs a conflict that questions the very translation of legal expert. Considering a play based almost entirely on the acts of a single individual in clear defiance of a fagots decree, questions of right and wrong necessarily persist. It is difficult, however, for one to understand justice in deciphering the opinions of the two conflicting parties, Creon and Antigone, as these two clearly throw off opposing biased perspectives. It becomes prudent to examine the concept of justice in the eyes of the chorus, who has the necessary perspective to provide unbiased commentary in Antigone. Throughout Antigone, the chorus constructs a judicial hierarchy in which the subjects of the polis must(prenominal) submit to the practice of laws of their king, and the king must fulfill his obligations according to the universal law established by the gods.The judicial hierarchy of Antigone is establi shed early on in the tragedy, and is finally articulated clearly in the final lines intercommunicate by the chorus. For the chorus, justice requires that the ruler of a polis have absolute power, and that his subjects embrace his decrees to the letter. Early on, the chorus says, to use any legal means lies in your power, both about the dead and those of us who live, (ln.213-214). This could be interpreted just now as a citizen appealing to the hubris of his ruler, straying from honesty and moving toward appeasement, but given the manner in which the chorus interacts with Creon later in the play, it is some(prenominal) more likely that he truly believes that Creon, or any attraction for that matter, is just in demanding that his laws be followed by his subjects. The implication here is that Creon has absolut... ...us in Antigone constructs a controversial conception of judicial hierarchy, which places accountability for the actions of a expanses subjects in the hands of the r uler and the accountability of that ruler in the hands of the gods. According to this system, both Antigone and Creon are guilty of injustices, and both stock the just punishment for their actions. Antigone suffered at the hands of her ruler for the violation of his decrees, and justly so. For what is a constitution in which the word of the sovereign is inefficacious? Creon suffered at the hands of the gods, to whom he alone was accountable. The pain that he feels as a result of the death of his son and wife is swift retribution from the gods, track off his foolish path, a path toward injustice.Works CitedSophocles, Antigone. Trans. Grene. stops The University of Chicago Press, 1991.