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'Because they consider N functions, the dyes were screened in vitro for antibacterial natural action; of oer 0,000 tested dyes none showed any antibiotic activity However, In vivo stu fits with mice, that had been infected with a bacterial culture, showed that round(prenominal) dyes counteracted gram-positive bacterial Intections. HDR. F. 2013 Prontosll Gerhard Domagk (Nobel Prize, 1939) was a research scientist at l. c. Farbenlndustrle,a German maker of dyes and other chemicals. He carried start studies that showed Prontosil to be an gistive antibacterial agent.When Domagks daughter developed a streptococcal Infection (having cut her finger), and was in danger of having an arm amputated (or worse), she was the initial patient to witness rontosil and be cured by it (1935). Prontosil received wider manage adequate to(p) when it was utilise to save the lite ot Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. , discussion of the US president. HDR-F-2013 infected with a bacterial culture. some(p renominal) dyes were ground to counteract gram-positive bacterial infections. NH2 o s Prontosil Later it was discovered that, in backing organisms, Prontosil is born-again to sulfanilamide, and that sulfanilamide was the actual quick compound.Sulfanilamide inhibits the synthesis of folic acidulated, which is an internal chemical compound for bacterial growth. Penicillin bacterial infections in 1941. By 1943, penicillin was beingness produced for the military and was first employ for war casualties in Sicily and Tunsia. CH3 Penicillins act by modifying an enzyme tough in the synthesis ofa a bacteriums jail electric cell wall. the synthesis of bacteriums cell wall. Actively growing bacteria die because they areare Actively growing bacteria die because they uneffective to produce a a functional cell wall. unable to produce functional cell wall.Penicillins pay back no effect on mammalian cells because they are not enclosed by cell walls. The first penicillin was isolated in in 1938 and The first penicillin was isolated 1938 and ound to cure bacterial infections in in mice. was found to cure bacterial infections mice. It It was use successfully in nine teddys ofof human apply successfully in nine cases human Hormones Hormones are chemical messengers †constitutive(a) compounds synthesized in glands and delivered by the bloodstream to target tissues in order to stimulate or inhibit some biochemical process. Many hormones are steroids.Reappendage: All steroids turn back a tetracyclic bid system. The most abundant member of the steroid family in anlmals (ana numans) Is cnolestero of all other steroids. Steroids c t Is tne precursor Steroids are organic compounds that keep back four cycloalkane rings, three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring; they are Joined (fuse) in a particular proposition way. The steroid core has 20 C atoms, 17 corpse the four rings, plus three methyl groups. sack to HORMONES Sex The end up hormones are divide into three groups: (1) the male sex hormones, or androgens; (2) the female sex hormones, or estrogens; (3) the pregnancy hormones, or progestins.All sex hormones are steroids. ster010s perTorm many Tunctlons n Function normal of subsidiary sexual characteristics Re harvest-homeion and control of the reproductive cycle Regulation of metabolism Examples Estradiol (an estrogen); testosterone (an androgen) progesterone and the gestagens Digestion of fat Cell membrane segment Cholic acid; bile salts Cholesterol Cortisol; cortisone derivatives This is the raw material carbon skeleton for all steroids. 10. 7 Testosterone, the champion male sex hormone, is responsible for male vicarious sex characteristics.Synthetic testosterone analogs (anabolic steroids) are utilize in euphony to promote muscle and tissue growth, e. g. , patients with muscular atrophy. anabolic steroids are used illegally, most ordinarily by â€Å"body builders” and athletes. The health risks are numero us, including liver cancer, coronary thrombosis neart Olsease, ana s er Estradiol is the principal female sex hormone. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics and participates in the control of the catamenial cycle.Progesterone is an use of a progestin: it prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized egg. Synthetic analogs of progesterone and estradiol are the active agents in the birth control pill, allowing for control of the menstrual cycle and ovulation. An estimated 50 to 60 million women ecumenic use â€Å"the pill” as the primary form of ontraception. medicine Use RU-486, The Abortion Pill RI-J-486 acts as an antagonist †a do drugs that fits into a sense organ site, simply does not have the customary effect as does another drug; in this case the other drug is progesterone.Cortisone Cortisone, used extensively in the treatment of rheumatoid inflammations, is one of the adrenocortical hormones produced in t he outer part of the adrenal gland. These hormones participate in regulating the electrolyte and water balance in the body, as well as in protein and carbohydrate metabolism. moral philosophy of Methotrexate is a prescription drug used in the reatment of breast cancer. It can be used to block the action of folic acid, which is required for normal cell Olvlslon ana growtn 0T an emoryo.LIKe RI-J-486, it can be used to induce abortion in the weeks of pregnancy. Once a drug is pass by the FDA, a physician can rank it for purposes not originally intended by the drug manufacturer. Medicines Prescription, Generic, and the broach drug, only if cannot Prescription, is chemically equivalent to over-the-counter(a) be A generic wine drug Generic, and over-the-counter(a) marketed until the palpable protection on the broach drug has choke out after 20 ears.A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run The degrade priced drug protection on the pioneer its generic name,out after 20 marketed until the patent commonly marketed nether drug has run out in this20 after case alprazolam kind of of Xanax. The lower priced drug commonly marketed under its generic name, in this The lower priced druginstead of Xanax. case alprazolam commonly marketed under its generic name, in thisPrescription, Generic, and Over-the-counter A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run out after 20 years. 10. 10 The lower priced drug commonly marketed under its generic name, in this case alprazolam instead of Xanax. 10. 1 Heroal Remeales 10. 11 Ephedra Ephedra †used safely for thousands of years as herbal excuse known as Ma Huang. In 2003, several(prenominal) deaths related to the ingredients led the FDA (in 2004) to ban ep hedra products. At this time, there are ongoing discussions to make the product available again.The herb contains the amphetamine-like alkaloids †ephedrine and the less active pseudoephedrine. Pseudoephedrene is used as a decongestant Ephedrine is a bronchodilator (opens the airways), and a stimulant drug Drugs of Abuse Ephreda was responsible for the deaths of over 80 people. An ephreda manufacturer challenged the FDA ban in court, claiming that the FDA had failed to prove that ephreda was not safe at low doses. In 2006, the US apostrophize of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit upheld the FDAs ban on ephreda. diacetylmorphine Morphin diacetylmorphin, alkaloid in opium â€Å"chemically modified” high the â€Å" mistreat” natural drugTetrahydrocannabinol †Marijuana A9-tetrahydrocannabinol is the principal psychoactive component of the cannabis plant (marijuana), the most commonly do by illicit drug in the US; effect include euphoria and anxiety. Medical uses ar e being discussed; legal in some states; the Federal disposal is opposed. One way to look at drugs is to submit them by their medical usefulness and their potential of aversion. Drugs of abuse can also be classified by their tendency to lead to corporeal dependence (addiction) vs. the physical harm they inflict on the user. Many habit-forming drugs are also highly detrimental to uman health.OxyconBn OxyContin contains oxycodone Oxycodone has been used safely for many years. But this formulation includes a time-released mechanism for long-lasting treatment of chronic pain. Drug abusers quickly determined how to get around the time-release and were able to rapidly ingest large amounts of oxycodone. The effects were tell to be similar to heroin. Over-prescribed in the Appalachian areas in late 1990s and early 2000s. Many became addicted. An amino Acid serotonin Tryptophan is converted to serotonin, an antidepressant, which is converted to melotonin, inducing drowsiness\r\n'